The MQM’s main plank is its self-proclaimed status as a middle-class party in a country where, according to it, other parties and leaders are under the effective control of feudal bosses.

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Waging a smear campaign against its opponents and limiting their physical ability to conduct political activities on the streets of Karachi undermines the MQM’s claim of being a party of middle-class educated Pakistanis who want to challenge the feudal political culture. In fact, its style of politicking might be consolidating the image of the MQM as an organisation that finds opposition unpalatable.

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